Effect of household air pollution on children’s health in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review.

Abstract

Background: The study focuses on investigating the profound impact of household air pollution (HAP) on the health of children aged 0 to 5 years in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) through a comprehensive systematic review.

Methods: A total of 1560 studies were identified through database searches, with 1120 duplicates removed in the initial screening phase. Subsequent assessment led to the evaluation of 440 studies, of which 56 advanced to the next phase. Ultimately, 20 studies were included in the systematic review, adhering to PRISMA guidelines for study selection.

Results: These selected studies collectively illuminate critical insights into the complex relationship between household air pollution and childhood health outcomes. Key findings reveal that prolonged exposure to household pollutants, including solid fuel, biomass, and particulate matter (PM2.5), is closely associated with adverse health effects in children. The risks extend to a spectrum of health issues, from acute respiratory infections and bronchitis to impaired lung function, childhood asthma, and increased mortality rates. Notably, the increased levels of PM2.5 are directly correlated with heightened risks of upper respiratory infections and bronchitis/bronchiolitis in children.

Conclusions: The research underscores the urgency of addressing this issue, particularly in LMICs where vulnerable populations are disproportionately affected. The study's conclusions advocate for immediate action through a combination of interventions. These recommendations encompass transitioning to cleaner cooking technologies, improving household ventilation, implementing targeted health education campaigns, strengthening public health policies, and promoting multi-sectoral collaborations. The evidence highlights the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of household air pollution on children's health and underscores the critical need for proactive measures. By leveraging these findings to inform policy, raise awareness, and catalyse innovation, stakeholders can work towards ensuring a healthier future for the youngest members of society in LMICs.